The elastic modulus, strength, and strain to failure of scale samples from the head and tail regions are presented in Figures 3A through 3C, respectively, as a function of treatment condition (HSPs). The “yield point” for both environments is evident at a strain of ∼1.5%. Distinct from the nearly linear responses exhibited by the samples soaked in the high-HSP solvents (i.e., HBSS, methanol, and ethanol), the samples exposed to acetone and air exhibit a bilinear elastic-strain hardening behavior. Apart from the partial overlap between the ethanol and the methanol responses, the other distributions are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05). ![]() The order of the apparent resistance to deformation from bottom to top is roughly inversely proportional to the treatment’s Hoy solubility parameter (HSP) value, i.e., air > acetone > ethanol ≥ methanol > Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS). The responses are represented in terms of the mean stress-strain responses for each treatment (averaged over five samples) and along with standard error bands over the multiple samples. Stress-strain responses of the IE samples in the different treatment environments are shown in Figure 2C for scales from the head region of the black carp. The importance of these features in the multifunctional requirements of scales is elucidated in detail, including their role in inspiring new approaches for advancing multifunctional structural materials. Furthermore, comparison of the ridge line distribution and circuli in elasmodine scales shows that they are unique across fish species and appear to be tuned for the combined functional requirements, i.e., resistance to threats and locomotion. Through application of optical mechanics, we show that the ridge lines channel damage along paths that reduce the effective stress intensity available for bulk fracture of the scales. ![]() Here, we show that the ridge lines and circuli of scales contribute to the overall damage tolerance and play a key role in the “protectoflexibility” of fish scales. Past work has attributed this unique quality to their composition and the hierarchical stratification of their microstructure. Fish scales are dermal armors with an attractive combination of resistance to puncture and flexibility.
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